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 TitelCOLON Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 13 Nov 2012, 19:57 
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The first professional tobacco research programmes began in Cuba at the dawn of the 20th century. The reason behind it was an event that had proved more than merely unpleasant—the Cuban War of Independence, begun in 1895, had led to a collapse in the tobacco industry, and an original variety of tobacco used in cigar production—Havanensis—had, for three or four years, been all but lost. It had been mixed with wild-growing tobacco and mutated, becoming unusable in the production of Havanas. Scientist selectors succeeded in reviving the variety, though this required over ten years. Selection to this day remains one of the main trends in the work of tobacco experts and scientists. Cigar Clan magazine learned of this in a talk with Eumelio Espino Marrero, one of the directors of the Cuban Institute for Tobacco Research, author of countless scientific works and the creator of several renowned varieties of tobacco.

Today in Cuba four main varieties are cultivated: Havana-92, Havana-2000, Criollo-98 and Corojo-99. They have traditional Cuban organoleptic qualities and immunity to the overwhelming majority of diseases. What is the sense in creating new varieties? Why continue the selection process?

— Work has to continue constantly: new bacteria appear, parasites, the ecological situation is changing, and tobacco has to be ready for this. We should also remember that there are an entire plethora of tobacco diseases in the world that quite simply have not yet made it to Cuba. We have to create varieties that have immunity to these diseases—in the event that if, one day, they somehow appear on our plantations. There are more prosaic but no less important tasks: in certain cases we want to make the tobacco even more resistant to diseases they already have, and in others we wish to increase their yield capacity. And, most importantly, regardless of everything else the new varieties must be absolutely identical to the old quality and organoleptics! This is “a must” and the condition that is most difficult to meet.

— When will we see these new varieties that you mention?

— I believe the new varieties, for both wrappers and for the filler, will appear in the next two years. It is not quite as simple as it appears. We are constantly taking new varieties out to the plantations and testing them, although to date they do not quite satisfy us from an organoleptics point of view. It doesn’t cost us a great deal of time and effort to cultivate a stable variety with great resistance and harvesting qualities, but its taste and aroma will, in all probability, be extremely run of the mill. For us that is intolerable, and that is the reason why we spend so much time and energy on selection.

— Is it possible to improve the organoleptics of existing Cuban varieties?

— What do you mean by improving the finest tobacco there is on earth? Our task is only to preserve these riches.

— Let’s have a summary: what qualities should good tobacco have?

— Organoleptics, resistance to disease, good crop yield and stability. There is a huge array of secondary signs. For example, a big plus of any variety is the minimum number of offshoots on the stalk. The fact is that snipping these off involves a huge amount of time and effort.

— What principal diseases should cigar tobacco today be able to resist?

— Out of the “classic” range, first and foremost there is phytophorous rot (pata prieta). This disease causes a fungus called Phytophthora parasitica—to a greater or lesser degree the land of all Cuban tobacco plantations is infected with it. Fighting it with chemicals is economically unjustifiable, and so the only way to deal with it is variety selection. The second disease is the legendary “blue mould” (moho azul). Everyone knows all there is to know about it. Then there is weather fleck—a disease caused by an increase in nitrogen content in the lower levels of the atmosphere. On tobacco leaves, this causes the appearance of small, to look at harmless, white spots that make the tobacco utterly unusable in cigars. One should also note the dangerous TMV (tobacco mosaic virus).

— “Blue mould” first appeared in Cuba in 1957, returning again in 1979. Moreover, the varieties that have resistance to it only appeared in 1994. How did Cuban planters fight against it in the intervening fifteen years?

- When “blue mould” first appeared in Cuba in 1957, it only affected the Partido region, and the consequences were minimal. The strain of the fungus was not adapted to the climactic conditions of our island, and so in 1958 it disappeared by itself. In 1979 “blue mould” came back—but this time it was a completely different strain, as it were created especially for our climate. This took place in late February, when we were already harvesting, so disaster was averted. But the next season (1979/1980) “blue mould” gathered full force, destroying almost eighty-five percent of the tobacco harvest. Fortunately, in 1980 a chemical called Metalaxyl appeared on the market, which was tremendously effective in combating this disease. It also allowed us to hang on until 1994. We managed to develop the right methods for using Metalaxyl which for twenty years has prevented the fungus from adapting to the substance, although in many other countries Metalaxyl proved ineffective in just a few years. In 1994, unfortunately, the fungus was able to adapt to Metalaxyl here too, but we resisted it through the first results of our selection programme that had begun in 1980—the variety Havana-92.

— But the institute was opened back in the 1930s…

— Yes, indeed, the first research station was opened in 1937 in a place called San Juan y Martinez. It basically dealt with what we are working on today, although on a smaller scale. Including selection. But in their work they did not set themselves the task of protecting tobacco from “blue mould”—they simply didn’t know of such a disease. Today we are smarter and are studying hypothetical risks.

— It is no secret that in Europe today, genetic engineering techniques are being used to create new tobacco varieties. Do you use anything similar in your own work?

— Never! We use only traditional techniques—classical selection, or interbreeding. And I would like to draw your attention to that. In Europe they have indeed produced a mass of varieties using genetic modification. Our path is harder, but the results are by no means less good.

— Tell us more.

— The basic principle is very simple: we interbreed traditional Cuban varieties with varieties where the quality we need to give our deficient tobacco is present and dominant. The first thing is to interbreed two varieties: A and B. One of them is always Criollo. The other is the one that has the qualities we want to see in the final variety. The first generation accrued from interbreeding is never any good for selection, because all the plants are the same. In the second generation we can start to work: some plants resemble A, others B and yet more resemble both source materials to varying degrees. The selector chooses plants that have, in his opinion, the ideal qualities, and he places them in conditions that promote disease. Those that show maximum resistance and do not fall ill are used to continue the selection process—as a rule, this tends to be about forty or fifty plants. They fertilise themselves. With each subsequent generation, the same operations are undertaken. In the end, in the sixth generation stable but noticeably different varieties can be discerned. Studying each of them carefully, we choose the best. After that, in the seventh and eighth generations, we give an end evaluation, and on the basis of “all against all” and an entire range of other criteria, from eight to ten varieties we select the finest one. This is what becomes a potential commercial variety. In order to cultivate a variety and guarantee its stability it takes up to eight years. This is done by a team of eight scientists. After we are convinced that the variety is stable, it is tested on plantations of the best tobacco growers. If practice backs up laboratory findings, the variety becomes commercial and we begin to use it throughout the country.

— What else, apart from selection, do the specialists at your institute do?

— Of course, we are studying those tobacco diseases that can pose a danger to Cuban tobacco. You have to know what your enemy looks like. This branch of work is known as “phytopathology”. We are also using phyto technology—we do research and are developing procedures and recommendations about how specifically we can cultivate specific varieties in each and every separate region of the country. If this is done in the wrong way, then we will never achieve the result we are aiming for. In short, we are interested in everything that affects the quality of the finished tobacco.

— Aside from diseases, tobacco has a whole host of other enemies—parasites and insects. And it is far from able to resist every attack without a little assistance, only on its own immunity. What can be done?

— Yes, the tobacco plant can be resistant to far from all diseases. Research gives us information, based on which we not only carry out selection but also develop instruments of chemical and biological control to use out there, on the very plantations. Regarding the fight against parasites and pests, such as hemp broomrape (orobanche ramosa) or caterpillars from the Tobacco Budworm (heliothis virescens), work on plantations plays a role of major importance.

— Do you mean working the soil and the plants with chemicals?

— Our methods are far from always based on chemical treatment of the plants and the soil. We prefer combined methods that mix together chemical and biological means. In the fight against the same owl moth caterpillars, in addition to chemicals, we use bacteria of the bacillus thuringiensis variety. Like chemical substances, these bacteria kill the caterpillars while they are completely safe for use on the tobacco plants. Insects are subject to attack from all sides and experience additional difficulties: if they suddenly manage to develop immunity to the chemicals, the bacteria step in to do their job and vice versa. Moreover, each year we are changing the balance in favour of biological methods of control. In the past ten years, the number of chemicals that are used on Cuban tobacco plantations has dropped by fifty percent.

— Methods of biological and chemical control are in use on the plantations. Do these form part of phyto technology?

— Phyto technology is, in essence, a method of growing tobacco. The distance between the plants, the irrigation, the enriching of the soil, setting the timetable for this or that activity on the plantation (snipping off the upper bolls, growths, the harvesting procedure as a whole)—that’s what all this is. Every variety, depending on the region where it is grown, is harvested at a very specific time. When exactly, is a question phyto technicians can answer; if you cultivate a new variety and give it to a manufacturer he won’t know what to do with it. Everyone will do things in his own way and the results will vary wildly—but by and large unsatisfactory. We study the specific nature of the variety, the specifics of the region, and work out an aggregate of procedures and a strict timetable that allows us to achieve the best possible result when growing a specific variety of tobacco on a specific kind of soil. That’s what phyto technology is. The combination of biological and chemical methods of control with elements of phyto technology is what we call integrated control. In the case of hemp broomrape, for example, we use fungi that weaken the infection but have no effect whatsoever on the tobacco. But time, too, plays an important role when we are growing tobacco. If one selects the right time then the tobacco harvest may be collected before the start of the season when broomrape shows its greatest activity. If you are just a little bit too late, then that’s it and before the crop is harvested every plantation will be infected with the parasite. Basically, if we use just one control method then it will soon cease to be effective, because diseases and pests, too, have the ability to adapt to external environmental conditions. Only by working through a complex can we really protect our tobacco.

— From year to year, can tobacco be grown on one and the same patch of soil? Or does the earth need to rest?

— Another topic of our research. It is believed that you can’t grow, year in, year out, on the same land, and the soil really does need to rest. But far from all tobacco growers can allow themselves the luxury of moving their crops periodically from one part of their plantations to another, particularly in the Vuelta Abajo region. They just don’t have any spare land. And so in periods when such plantations are free of tobacco growing other cultures are cultivated. We have done a variety of research and discovered types that, on one hand cause no harm to the tobacco, yet on the other they help the earth regain its strength. First and foremost this involves leguminous plants—beans. They are cut when young and used as organic fertiliser. We have also found varieties that, quite the reverse, cannot at any cost be allowed to grow on a tobacco plantation when it is resting from tobacco cultivation. For example, you cannot grow plants from the morel family—tomatoes, potatoes, peppers and so on. They are subject to the same diseases as tobacco, and by remaining in the soil they provoke their micro organisms to infect the tobacco later on.

— How do innovations developed within the institution’s walls work in practice? Do you use some administrative resource to oblige all tobacco growers to act this way and not another?

— The development department deals with this, and I personally head it. As is the case with new varieties, we work with the best tobacco producers in the country and together we test out the latest technology on their plantations. Moreover, together we analyse the problems producers come across, we carry out research and experiments and we try to offer solutions. This eases and speeds up the process of inculcating innovations throughout the industry. Each production zone has its own experts, such as Alejandro Robaina, and all the other growers have a high regard for the results of their work and pay careful heed to their opinion. As soon as such people begin to use some of our discoveries and become convinced of their advantages, all of the others start to copy them. Tobacco growers are rather conservative people, and this is the best way to advance the industry. You couldn’t think up better PR people than the top producers.

— The whole world knows Alejandro Robaina. And at times one has the impression that he is the only famous tobacco grower in Cuba. Is that the case?

— The number of planters I work with within the scope of the institute’s projects is one hundred and fifty-nine people across the island. Picking out one or even a few is wrong—they are all leaders.

— What is required to become a member of this select group?

— The only thing you have to do is grow good tobacco. The leading tobacco growers include very young planters who have only recently joined the trade and who are already showing first-class results.

— Are young people interested in working in the tobacco industry?

— This problem is typical for landowners throughout the world. Children often don’t want to continue the work of their parent farmers, preferring to be doctors or engineers. Of course, there are tobacco dynasties, but the percentage is very low. Recently a positive trend has been observed. It is due to an initiative of the Cuban government to pass land ownership into private hands—on condition that the new landowner will cultivate the territory apportioned to him. Many are employed in city professions. Currently, banks in Cuba are keen to give credit to the agricultural sector—with the right approach you can buy a tractor and hire hands who will abandon their overcrowded dwellings and set out for the fields. One mustn’t forget that growing tobacco gives them the chance to earn good money.

— How do you get a plot of land for a plantation?

— The most important thing is to have the physical ability and desire to work with the land. Because Cuban land is not given out for people just to have it, but to work it.

— The total number of farmers producing tobacco in Cuba comes to twenty thousand people. How is quality control ensured on such scales?

— We have set up a special department of supervisor technicians. Each of them heads a certain number of tobacco growers and visits their plantations on average every seven to ten days. In special ledgers the supervisor notes down any variances from the set standards and errors made by the planter as well as anything that might affect the quality of the tobacco—be it rain, hail or a strong wind. The supervisor’s notes are a chronicle of all events that occur on the plantation. At the end of the season, this data is used to draw up a conclusion about the quality of the tobacco and set its price and what will happen to it. Currently we have sixty-five supervisors working for us. Every year we test them on all tobacco disciplines, and if the supervisor twice fails the test then he is removed from his duties and will be given other work. This year the exam was passed by 98.6 of all supervisors. That means that the system works! We control the technology of tobacco production, starting with the preparation of the soil and ending with the drying, ensuring quality at all stages of the process.

— Today, Cuban tobacco producers are forbidden from cultivating seeds independently. How does the State system of seed provision work?

— When you get a new variety, you have to maintain it in its original form. In the case of tobacco, it is somewhat hard to do this as this plant in its natural environment has an expressed tendency to degenerate. To lose a variety, three or four years are enough. To prevent this from happening, the institute—this is another of its functions—produces seeds independently and each year gives them out to the planters to plant. How is this done? Part of the experimental station deals with original seeds of a given variety. Of all the plants the geneticist selects those that best of all correspond to the variety’s standard—thirty or forty seeds—and he observes their development. The seeds that they yield as a result are referred to as “original”. The next year each of these thirty or forty seeds is planted at a test site in rows: a seed from the first plant, from the second, from the third and so on. The geneticist carefully studies their inherited qualities. If some individual plant shows any deviation from the norm, it will be destroyed. If in some degree the entire lot—all descended from the one same parent plant—show the same inclination then they are all destroyed en masse. It is in this manner that we select plants with the very best “bloodlines”—matching the standard and retaining the proper qualities for that variety from generation to generation. Seeds produced from these plants are referred to as base seeds. But that’s not all! The institute sends them to specific plantations that specialise in seeds, and there they grow new bushes. Under the strict monitoring of the supervisors, these plants will yield seed again! They acquire commercial status, and that is the final link in the chain: commercial seeds are allotted for growing cigar tobacco to farmers throughout the country. Planters in Cuba do not have the right to engage in seed reproduction, and use only commercial seed on their plantations.

— Do you also create the recipes for new cigars?

— Of course, it is complex scientific work. Each recipe is subjected to the strictest analysis from the point of view of chemicals, physics and organoleptics. Right before a new cigar is released on the market, it is judged by the National Degustation Commission.

— Tell us a secret: in the near future do you plan to release any new brands or vitolas?

— We certainly don’t intent to stand around waiting. Everything is possible—new brands, new vitolas. There will be a variety of limited editions. And under no circumstances do we plan to abandon our traditional brands.

— Depending on the year of harvest, tobacco can have different qualities. In such circumstances, how do you ensure constancy of flavour of specific brands and vitolas? Do you change the recipe each year?

— What you just said is a mistake. Independent of the year of harvest, the qualities of our tobacco are unchanged. The organoleptics of Cuban tobacco are a constant that is not affected by the nature of a specific season. The only thing that changes depending on the year is the proportion of the different kinds of leaf on a tobacco plant. For example, in a rainy year there are fewer ligero leaves, fewer seco and more volado. Moreover, I would like to stress that each of these varieties remains as always, they don’t change their qualities with regard to previous harvests. The same taste, the same flavour. To compensate a lack of leaves of a certain kind we simply use our reserves.

— So there are no analogies with grapes?

— Grape growing is a completely different story. You see, the wine press squeezes all the grapes, not determining which variety every single grape belongs to. While we have three kinds of leaf, and each of them has its own, individual qualities.

— What conditions, in your opinion, are ideal for tobacco production?

— The quality of Cuban tobacco depends on four factors: the soil, the climate, the variety and the person. If we take away even one of these, the system begins to break down. The soil has to be primarily sandy with good drainage and a balanced content of organic matter. There are a whole series of other characteristics, but these are the main ones. From the climate point of view, the key factor is the difference between day and night temperatures. The greater this is, the better the quality of the tobacco. As you probably guessed, in Cuba the biggest difference between day and night temperatures can be observed in the Vuelta Abajo region. With regard to the varieties, it is all much clearer: you can take any non-Cuban variety and give it to our best producer, who will plant it in the best soil ad grow it according to strict canons—and it won’t matter one bit. That’s not chauvinism; it’s a scientifically proven fact. Man’s task is to learn to deal with what nature gives us properly, and get the maximum from the combination of soil, climate and unique varieties.

—2008 was not an easy year for the Cuban tobacco industry. What were the effects of the hurricane?

— Both hurricanes—Gustav and Ike—missed the main tobacco growing regions of Cuba. Some damage was caused to the infrastructure—in some regions buildings where the tobacco is dried were destroyed—the casas de tabaco. But this is not a major problem; the simple constructions can be replaced without much effort. The important thing is that the plantations where the tobacco is grown were not damaged. And in any case, the tobacco had already been harvested by that time. So aficionados of Cuban cigars can sleep soundly: there are enough Havanas for us all.

1. Before planting tobacco on a plantation, seedlings are grown from the seeds. The perfected method is the "floating seed-plot". This is a tray divided into one hundred parts. One seed is planted in each using a special "gun".

2. Seedlings are grown for thirty-five to forty days then carefully removed from the soil, without damaging the roots, and transferred to the plantations.

3. Much effort is spent fighting weeds that steal nutritious elements from the tobacco. Weeding takes place every day, either early in the morning (after five o'clock) or after midday (after four o'clock).

4. Old-style farmers do not use tractors or other mechanical equipment for weeding which would steamroll the earth. They ride on bulls using only a wooden plough.

5. In some regions and on some plantations they use not just natural additives; chemical additives based on nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calcium are also used.

6. As the tobacco plant grows to the required height, the top part is picked off in order to concentrate all the energy in the leaves. This is done using scissors in order not to damage the two uppermost leaves. That is why workers rarely cut their nails.

7. If the tobacco plant is not destined for seed production the bolls and flower heads should be shredded. Otherwise the leaves will receive less food.

8. Tobacco for the wrapper is grown under a tent made from gauze. The temperature is two degrees higher and the humidity two percent higher than those outside, and the intensity of the sun's rays is reduced by thirty to thirty-five percent. The leaves are smoother and more elastic.

9. The harvest is collected starting from the lower layers. In one go, two or three leaves are removed from the plant. The next stage occurs a few days later. In order to collect all the leaves from one plant about one month is required.

10. After the harvest is collected the tobacco leaves are dried in special outhouses known as la casa de tabaco. Leaves grown under the tents are dried for about twenty-five days and those grown directly under the sun for twice as long.

Cigar Clan 8'2011 vol.1.Eldar Tuzmukhamedov. Photo: Sergei Drozdov, Dmitry Ivaikin

Bron: http://www.en.cigarclan.com/index.php/c ... atory-work

_________________
Fumando las penas van pasando y . . . si fumas habanos nunca las tendras.


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 TitelCOLON Re: Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 13 Nov 2012, 20:26 
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GeregistreerdCOLON 31 Jul 2008, 21:05
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Zis iz very inzeresting.
Heb dit ook met andere planten gedaan. Het kost duizenden kruisingen om een resistente versie te creeren. De genetische blokjes met resistente eigenschappen moeten maar op de juiste plek vallen.
Mijn broer heeft dezelfde onderzoek gedaan aan de Uni van Wageningen.

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 TitelCOLON Re: Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 13 Nov 2012, 20:58 
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GeregistreerdCOLON 27 Mrt 2011, 19:15
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WoonplaatsCOLON Delft
Bolletje schreefColon
Zis iz very inzeresting.
Heb dit ook met andere planten gedaan. Het kost duizenden kruisingen om een resistente versie te creeren. De genetische blokjes met resistente eigenschappen moeten maar op de juiste plek vallen.
Mijn broer heeft dezelfde onderzoek gedaan aan de Uni van Wageningen.


Heb jij genetisch superieure wietplantjes Bol?


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 TitelCOLON Re: Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 13 Nov 2012, 21:48 
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GeregistreerdCOLON 31 Jul 2008, 21:05
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FTheC schreefColon
Bolletje schreefColon
Zis iz very inzeresting.
Heb dit ook met andere planten gedaan. Het kost duizenden kruisingen om een resistente versie te creeren. De genetische blokjes met resistente eigenschappen moeten maar op de juiste plek vallen.
Mijn broer heeft dezelfde onderzoek gedaan aan de Uni van Wageningen.


Heb jij genetisch superieure wietplantjes Bol?


Neu was het maar zo. :D

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 TitelCOLON Re: Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 13 Nov 2012, 23:11 
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GeregistreerdCOLON 04 Sep 2008, 10:46
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ik vraag me af hoe de blenders nog makkelijk smaakconsitentie kunnen verkrijgen met een nieuwe 'soorten' tabak.
dan zit je daar een sterkere plant te ontwikkelen maar God mag weten hoe de smaak uiteindelijk zal worden.

da's vergelijkbaar met een whisky vat zeker? 8-[

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 TitelCOLON Re: Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 14 Nov 2012, 01:06 
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GeregistreerdCOLON 12 Jul 2012, 19:16
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idd heel interessant en leuk om te lezen ;) bedankt om dit te posten


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 TitelCOLON Re: Laboratory Work
BerichtGeplaatstCOLON 14 Nov 2012, 14:27 
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GeregistreerdCOLON 31 Jul 2008, 21:05
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cliff schreefColon
ik vraag me af hoe de blenders nog makkelijk smaakconsitentie kunnen verkrijgen met een nieuwe 'soorten' tabak.
dan zit je daar een sterkere plant te ontwikkelen maar God mag weten hoe de smaak uiteindelijk zal worden.

da's vergelijkbaar met een whisky vat zeker? 8-[



Als men bij de Nicotiana Tabacum is blijven kruisen, dan is het minder wisselvallig dan als ze vanuit andere soorten vanuit de Nicotiana-familie zijn gaan testen. De smaak van het blad is trouwens niet prio 1 van een plant om te muteren.
Men is van mening dat de Tabacum een hybride is van 3 species (in het wild groeiende authentieke niet gehybriseerde "edities".

Denk dat men tegenwoordig zo veel doorgekruist is dat de genetische verschillen kwa smaak en bladvorming niet heel erg veel verscheelt. Men kijkt naar beide ouders. Zo heeft men waarschijnlijk en Tabacum gebruikt die wel resistente eigenschappen heeft maar daarnaast wellicht niet de goeie
groei-eigenschappen heeft. Dan is het zaak om met deze bloedlijnen zo vaak te testen zodat zowel de resistente genetische info als de groei-eigenschappen maximaal bij elkaar komen.
Als dat ontwikkeld is, zal er verder weinig smaakverschil zijn.

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